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Julien's Chalkboard

Julien's Chalkboard

Julien's personal musings ranging from Charles Munger to Quantum Physics and more.

Brain Imaging

📝 ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel-Mediated Lactate Effect On Orexin Neurons: Implications For Brain Energetics During Arousal

The brain, although comprising only 2% of body weight, is responsible for 25% of total body glucose utilization, necessitating a...
📝 Lactate Transport In Skeletal Muscle — Role And Regulation Of The Monocarboxylate Transporter

Skeletal muscle is the major producer of lactic acid in the body, but its oxidative fibres also use lactic acid...
📝 Regulation Of Glycolytic Oscillations By Mitochondrial And Plasma Membrane Hþ-ATPases

Oscillatory behavior is known to occur in many different biological settings. Some examples are the circadian rhythms, the mitotic oscillator,...
📝 The Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1b Drives the Formation of Oxidative Type IIX Fibers in Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle must perform different kinds of work, and distinct fiber types have evolved to accommodate these. Previous work had...
📝 Loss Of Force Induced By High Extracellular [K+] In Rat Muscle: Effect Of Temperature, Lactic Acid And b2-agonist

Loss of K+ from active muscles, leading to increased [K+]o, has been proposed to cause muscle fatigue by reducing excitability....
📝 Defective Activation Of Skeletal Muscle And Adipose Tissue Lipolysis In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During Hypoglycemia

The increased risk of hypoglycemia during intensified treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, who have a deficient glucagon...
📝 Lactate Attenuates Synaptic Transmission And Affects Brain Rhythms Featuring High Energy Expenditure

Lactate shuttled from blood, astrocytes, and/or oligodendrocytes may serve as the major glucose alternative in brain energy metabolism. However, its...
📝 Contribution Of Glycogen In Supporting Axon Conduction In The Peripheral And Central Nervous Systems: The Role Of Lactate

The role of glycogen in the central nervous system is intimately linked with the glycolytic pathway. Glycogen is synthesized from...
📝 Fluxes Of Lactate Into, From, And Among Gap Junction-coupled Astrocytes And Their Interaction With Noradrenaline

Lactate is a versatile metabolite with important roles in modulation of brain glucose utilization rate (CMRglc), diagnosis of brain-injured patients,...
📝 MicroRNA miR-378 Promotes BMP2-induced Osteogenic Differentiation Of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. As...
📝 Brain Metabolism Dictates The Polarity Of Astrocyte Control Over Arterioles

In the brain, regional changes in neural activity trigger localized alterations in cerebral blood flow1 through astrocyte activation2,3. A rise...
📝 Reconsideration of the sequence of rigor mortis through postmortem changes in adenosine nucleotides and lactic acid in different rat muscles

We examined the changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactic acid, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in five different...
📝 The Mitochondrial L-Lactate Dehydrogenase Affair

The existence of a mitochondrial L-lactate dehydrogenase (m-L-LDH) suggested by Dianzani (1951), was shown by Baba and Sharma (1971) with the enzyme located...
📝 Is A Constant Low-entropy Process At The Root Of Glycolytic Oscillations?

We measured temporal oscillations in thermodynamic variables such as temperature, heat flux, and cellular volume in suspensions of non-dividing yeast...
📝 Bench-To-Bedside Review: Is there A Place For Epinephrine In Septic Shock?

The use of epinephrine in septic shock remains controversial. Nevertheless, epinephrine is widely used around the world and the reported...
📝 miR-378 Activates The Pyruvate-PEP Futile Cycle And Enhances Lipolysis To Ameliorate Obesity In Mice

Obesity has been linked to many health problems, such as diabetes. However, there is no drug that effectively treats obesity....
📝 The Role Of miR-378a In Metabolism, Angiogenesis, And Muscle Biology

Cell metabolism governing the growth and functioning of each cell and a whole organism refers to chemical transformations and enzyme-catalyzed...
📝 Adrenaline Increases Skeletal Muscle Glycogenolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activation And Carbohydrate Oxidation During Moderate Exercise In Humans

To evaluate the role of adrenaline in regulating carbohydrate metabolism during moderate exercise, 10 moderately trained men completed two 20...
📝 Lactate, Not Lactic Acid, Is Produced By Cellular Cytosolic Energy Catabolism

In the November issue of Physiology, Sunet al. (12) published a review describing the role of lactate as a multi-tissue...
📝 Cerebral Energy Metabolism And The Brain’s Functional Network Architecture: An Integrative Review

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have emphasized the contributions of synchronized activity in distributed brain networks to cognitive...
📝 Cerebral Energy Metabolism And The Brain’s Functional Network Architecture: An Integrative Review

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have emphasized the contributions of synchronized activity in distributed brain networks to cognitive...
📝 miR-378∗ Mediates Metabolic Shift In Breast Cancer Cells Via The PGC-1β/ERRγ Transcriptional Pathway

Cancer cell metabolism is often characterized by a shift from an oxidative to a glycolytic bioenergetics pathway, a phenomenon known...
📝 Energy Substrates That Fuel Fast Neuronal Network Oscillations

Fast neuronal network oscillations in the gamma-frequency band (30–−100 Hz) provide a fundamental mechanism of complex neuronal information processing in...
📝 Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: A Clinical, Molecular And Functional Approach

Creatine (methyl guanidine-acetic acid) – which is the Greek word for meat, was first identified in 1832 as a component...
📝 Glycogen availability and skeletal muscle adaptations with endurance and resistance exercise

It is well established that glycogen depletion affects endurance exercise performance negatively. Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that post-exercise carbohydrate...
📝 Bioenergetics Of Exercising Humans

Human muscles, limbs and supporting ventilatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems are well adapted for walking, and there is reasonable transfer...
📝 Psychophysiological Responses To Pain Identify Reproducible Human Clusters

Pain is a ubiquitous yet highly variable experience. The psychophysiological and genetic factors responsible for this variability remain unresolved. We...
📝 Acute Physiological Effects Of Glucocorticoids On Fuel Metabolism In Humans Are Permissive But Not Direct

Glucocorticoids are critical regulators of energy balance; however, their complex effects on fuel metabolism are highly context-dependent, are not linear...
📝 Monocarboxylate Transporters: Therapeutic Targets And Prognostic Factors In Disease

Solute carrier (SLC) transporters represent 52 families of membrane transport proteins that function in endogenous compound homeostasis and xenobiotic disposition,...
📝 Blood Lactate Measurements And Analysis During Exercise: A Guide For Clinicians

Blood lactate concentration ([La- ] b ) is one of the most often measured parameters during clinical exercise testing as...
📝 Acid–base Dysregulation And Chemosensory Mechanisms In Panic Disorder: A Translational Update

Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by spontaneous and recurrent panic attacks that consist of incapacitating periods of acute-onset respiratory, cardiovascular,...
📝 Catecholamines And The Effects Of Exercise, Training And Gender

Stress hormones, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), are responsible for many adaptations both at rest and during exercise. Since their...
📝 Highly Energized Inhibitory Interneurons Are A Central Element For Information Processing In Cortical Networks

Gamma oscillations (~30 to 100 Hz) provide a fundamental mechanism of information processing during sensory perception, motor behavior, and memory...
📝 Involvement Of Lactate And Pyruvate In The Anti-Inflammatory Effects Exerted By Voluntary Activation Of The Sympathetic Nervous System

We recently demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system can be voluntarily activated following a training program consisting of cold exposure,...
📝 Extracellular Lactate As D Dynamic Vasoactive Signal In The Rat Retinal Microvasculature

Yamanishi, Shigeki, Kozo Katsumura, Takatoshi Kobayashi, and Donald G. Puro. Extracellular lactate as a dynamic vasoactive signal in the rat...
📝 Dissociation Of Sympathetic Nervous System And Adrenal Medullary Responses

YOUNG, JAMES B., ROBERT M. ROSA, AND LEWIS LANDSBERG. Dissociation of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary responses. Am. J,...
📝 A Time Estimation Task As A Possible Measure Of Emotions: Difference Depending On The Nature Of The Stimulus Used

Time perception is fundamental for human experience; it is essential for everyday behavior and for understanding social interactions. Humans are...
📝 New Insights Into Sympathetic Regulation Of Glucose And Fat Metabolism

The autonomic nervous system modulates glucose and fat metabolism through both direct neural effects and hormonal effects. This review presents...
📝 Predictive Action Perception From Explicit Intention Information In Autism

Social difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may originate from an impaired topdown modulation of sensory information that prevents the...
📝 Plasma Lactate Levels Increase During Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Clamp And Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a serious global problem that is closely related to the rise in obesity. Insulin...

Julien's Chalkboard

Brain Imaging

📝 ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel-Mediated Lactate Effect On Orexin Neurons: Implications For Brain Energetics During Arousal

📝 Lactate Transport In Skeletal Muscle — Role And Regulation Of The Monocarboxylate Transporter

📝 Regulation Of Glycolytic Oscillations By Mitochondrial And Plasma Membrane Hþ-ATPases

📝 The Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1b Drives the Formation of Oxidative Type IIX Fibers in Skeletal Muscle

📝 Loss Of Force Induced By High Extracellular [K+] In Rat Muscle: Effect Of Temperature, Lactic Acid And b2-agonist

📝 Defective Activation Of Skeletal Muscle And Adipose Tissue Lipolysis In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During Hypoglycemia

📝 Lactate Attenuates Synaptic Transmission And Affects Brain Rhythms Featuring High Energy Expenditure

📝 Contribution Of Glycogen In Supporting Axon Conduction In The Peripheral And Central Nervous Systems: The Role Of Lactate

📝 Fluxes Of Lactate Into, From, And Among Gap Junction-coupled Astrocytes And Their Interaction With Noradrenaline

📝 MicroRNA miR-378 Promotes BMP2-induced Osteogenic Differentiation Of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells

📝 Brain Metabolism Dictates The Polarity Of Astrocyte Control Over Arterioles

📝 Reconsideration of the sequence of rigor mortis through postmortem changes in adenosine nucleotides and lactic acid in different rat muscles

📝 The Mitochondrial L-Lactate Dehydrogenase Affair

📝 Is A Constant Low-entropy Process At The Root Of Glycolytic Oscillations?

📝 Bench-To-Bedside Review: Is there A Place For Epinephrine In Septic Shock?

📝 miR-378 Activates The Pyruvate-PEP Futile Cycle And Enhances Lipolysis To Ameliorate Obesity In Mice

📝 The Role Of miR-378a In Metabolism, Angiogenesis, And Muscle Biology

📝 Adrenaline Increases Skeletal Muscle Glycogenolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activation And Carbohydrate Oxidation During Moderate Exercise In Humans

📝 Lactate, Not Lactic Acid, Is Produced By Cellular Cytosolic Energy Catabolism

📝 Cerebral Energy Metabolism And The Brain’s Functional Network Architecture: An Integrative Review

📝 Cerebral Energy Metabolism And The Brain’s Functional Network Architecture: An Integrative Review

📝 miR-378∗ Mediates Metabolic Shift In Breast Cancer Cells Via The PGC-1β/ERRγ Transcriptional Pathway

📝 Energy Substrates That Fuel Fast Neuronal Network Oscillations

📝 Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: A Clinical, Molecular And Functional Approach

📝 Glycogen availability and skeletal muscle adaptations with endurance and resistance exercise

📝 Bioenergetics Of Exercising Humans

📝 Psychophysiological Responses To Pain Identify Reproducible Human Clusters

📝 Acute Physiological Effects Of Glucocorticoids On Fuel Metabolism In Humans Are Permissive But Not Direct

📝 Monocarboxylate Transporters: Therapeutic Targets And Prognostic Factors In Disease

📝 Blood Lactate Measurements And Analysis During Exercise: A Guide For Clinicians

📝 Acid–base Dysregulation And Chemosensory Mechanisms In Panic Disorder: A Translational Update

📝 Catecholamines And The Effects Of Exercise, Training And Gender

📝 Highly Energized Inhibitory Interneurons Are A Central Element For Information Processing In Cortical Networks

📝 Involvement Of Lactate And Pyruvate In The Anti-Inflammatory Effects Exerted By Voluntary Activation Of The Sympathetic Nervous System

📝 Extracellular Lactate As D Dynamic Vasoactive Signal In The Rat Retinal Microvasculature

📝 Dissociation Of Sympathetic Nervous System And Adrenal Medullary Responses

📝 A Time Estimation Task As A Possible Measure Of Emotions: Difference Depending On The Nature Of The Stimulus Used

📝 New Insights Into Sympathetic Regulation Of Glucose And Fat Metabolism

📝 Predictive Action Perception From Explicit Intention Information In Autism

📝 Plasma Lactate Levels Increase During Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Clamp And Oral Glucose Tolerance Test