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Julien's Chalkboard

Julien's Chalkboard

Julien's personal musings ranging from Charles Munger to Quantum Physics and more.

Brain Imaging

📝 Lactate Attenuates Synaptic Transmission And Affects Brain Rhythms Featuring High Energy Expenditure

Lactate shuttled from blood, astrocytes, and/or oligodendrocytes may serve as the major glucose alternative in brain energy metabolism. However, its...
📝 ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel-Mediated Lactate Effect On Orexin Neurons: Implications For Brain Energetics During Arousal

The brain, although comprising only 2% of body weight, is responsible for 25% of total body glucose utilization, necessitating a...
📝 Defective Activation Of Skeletal Muscle And Adipose Tissue Lipolysis In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During Hypoglycemia

The increased risk of hypoglycemia during intensified treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, who have a deficient glucagon...
📝 Lactate Transport In Skeletal Muscle — Role And Regulation Of The Monocarboxylate Transporter

Skeletal muscle is the major producer of lactic acid in the body, but its oxidative fibres also use lactic acid...
📝 Contribution Of Glycogen In Supporting Axon Conduction In The Peripheral And Central Nervous Systems: The Role Of Lactate

The role of glycogen in the central nervous system is intimately linked with the glycolytic pathway. Glycogen is synthesized from...
📝 Regulation Of Glycolytic Oscillations By Mitochondrial And Plasma Membrane Hþ-ATPases

Oscillatory behavior is known to occur in many different biological settings. Some examples are the circadian rhythms, the mitotic oscillator,...
📝 miR-378 Activates The Pyruvate-PEP Futile Cycle And Enhances Lipolysis To Ameliorate Obesity In Mice

Obesity has been linked to many health problems, such as diabetes. However, there is no drug that effectively treats obesity....
📝 Fluxes Of Lactate Into, From, And Among Gap Junction-coupled Astrocytes And Their Interaction With Noradrenaline

Lactate is a versatile metabolite with important roles in modulation of brain glucose utilization rate (CMRglc), diagnosis of brain-injured patients,...
📝 Brain Metabolism Dictates The Polarity Of Astrocyte Control Over Arterioles

In the brain, regional changes in neural activity trigger localized alterations in cerebral blood flow1 through astrocyte activation2,3. A rise...
📝 Loss Of Force Induced By High Extracellular [K+] In Rat Muscle: Effect Of Temperature, Lactic Acid And b2-agonist

Loss of K+ from active muscles, leading to increased [K+]o, has been proposed to cause muscle fatigue by reducing excitability....
📝 The Role Of miR-378a In Metabolism, Angiogenesis, And Muscle Biology

Cell metabolism governing the growth and functioning of each cell and a whole organism refers to chemical transformations and enzyme-catalyzed...
📝 The Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1b Drives the Formation of Oxidative Type IIX Fibers in Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle must perform different kinds of work, and distinct fiber types have evolved to accommodate these. Previous work had...
📝 The Mitochondrial L-Lactate Dehydrogenase Affair

The existence of a mitochondrial L-lactate dehydrogenase (m-L-LDH) suggested by Dianzani (1951), was shown by Baba and Sharma (1971) with the enzyme located...
📝 Extracellular Lactate As D Dynamic Vasoactive Signal In The Rat Retinal Microvasculature

Yamanishi, Shigeki, Kozo Katsumura, Takatoshi Kobayashi, and Donald G. Puro. Extracellular lactate as a dynamic vasoactive signal in the rat...
📝 miR-378∗ Mediates Metabolic Shift In Breast Cancer Cells Via The PGC-1β/ERRγ Transcriptional Pathway

Cancer cell metabolism is often characterized by a shift from an oxidative to a glycolytic bioenergetics pathway, a phenomenon known...
📝 Is A Constant Low-entropy Process At The Root Of Glycolytic Oscillations?

We measured temporal oscillations in thermodynamic variables such as temperature, heat flux, and cellular volume in suspensions of non-dividing yeast...
📝 Bench-To-Bedside Review: Is there A Place For Epinephrine In Septic Shock?

The use of epinephrine in septic shock remains controversial. Nevertheless, epinephrine is widely used around the world and the reported...
📝 Glycolysis At 75: Is It Time To Tweak The First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway In History?

The sequence of the glycolytic enzymatic reactions responsible for the breakdown of glucose into two trioses and further into pyruvate...
📝 Reconsideration of the sequence of rigor mortis through postmortem changes in adenosine nucleotides and lactic acid in different rat muscles

We examined the changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactic acid, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in five different...
📝 Lactate, Not Lactic Acid, Is Produced By Cellular Cytosolic Energy Catabolism

In the November issue of Physiology, Sunet al. (12) published a review describing the role of lactate as a multi-tissue...
📝 MicroRNA miR-378 Promotes BMP2-induced Osteogenic Differentiation Of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. As...
📝 Blood Lactate Measurements And Analysis During Exercise: A Guide For Clinicians

Blood lactate concentration ([La- ] b ) is one of the most often measured parameters during clinical exercise testing as...
📝 Dissociation Of Sympathetic Nervous System And Adrenal Medullary Responses

YOUNG, JAMES B., ROBERT M. ROSA, AND LEWIS LANDSBERG. Dissociation of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary responses. Am. J,...
📝 Catecholamines And The Effects Of Exercise, Training And Gender

Stress hormones, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), are responsible for many adaptations both at rest and during exercise. Since their...
📝 Energy Substrates That Fuel Fast Neuronal Network Oscillations

Fast neuronal network oscillations in the gamma-frequency band (30–−100 Hz) provide a fundamental mechanism of complex neuronal information processing in...
📝 Metabolic Stress And High Intensity Exercise

Exercise-induced catecholamine responses are related to exercise intensity and are affected by the preceding training regimen. Although most investigations of...
📝 Cerebral Energy Metabolism And The Brain’s Functional Network Architecture: An Integrative Review

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have emphasized the contributions of synchronized activity in distributed brain networks to cognitive...
📝 Involvement Of Lactate And Pyruvate In The Anti-Inflammatory Effects Exerted By Voluntary Activation Of The Sympathetic Nervous System

We recently demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system can be voluntarily activated following a training program consisting of cold exposure,...
📝 The Involvement Of Noradrenaline In Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Mentation

Noradrenaline, one of the main brain monoamines, has powerful central influences on forebrain neurobiological processes which support the mental activities...
📝 Adrenaline Increases Skeletal Muscle Glycogenolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activation And Carbohydrate Oxidation During Moderate Exercise In Humans

To evaluate the role of adrenaline in regulating carbohydrate metabolism during moderate exercise, 10 moderately trained men completed two 20...
📝 Human Skeletal Muscle Lipolysis Is More Responsive To Epinephrine Than To Norepinephrine Stimulation In Vivo

Context: Triglyceride (TG) deposits in skeletal muscle (SM) are an important energy reservoir, and increased im TG content is associated with...
📝 Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic And Physical Adaptations To Different Exercise Training Modes In Young And Old Humans

The molecular transducers of benefits from differentexercise modalities remain incompletely defined.Here we report that 12 weeks of high-intensity aero-bic interval...
📝 Monocarboxylate Transporters: Therapeutic Targets And Prognostic Factors In Disease

Solute carrier (SLC) transporters represent 52 families of membrane transport proteins that function in endogenous compound homeostasis and xenobiotic disposition,...
📝 Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: A Clinical, Molecular And Functional Approach

Creatine (methyl guanidine-acetic acid) – which is the Greek word for meat, was first identified in 1832 as a component...
📝 Bioenergetics Of Exercising Humans

Human muscles, limbs and supporting ventilatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems are well adapted for walking, and there is reasonable transfer...
📝 Molecular Mechanism Of Noradrenaline During The Stress-Induced Major Depressive Disorder

Chronic stress-induced depression is a common hallmark of many psychiatric disorders with high morbidity rate. Stress-induced dysregulation of noradrenergic system...
📝 Lactate Metabolism: A New Paradigm For The Third Millennium

For much of the 20th century, lactate was largely considered a dead-end waste product of glycolysis due to hypoxia, the...
📝 Omnipresent Maxwell’s Demons Orchestrate Information Management In Living Cells

The development of synthetic biology calls for accurate understanding of the critical functions that allow construction and operation of a...
📝 Psychiatric Symptoms Of Noradrenergic Dysfunction: A Pathophysiological View

What psychiatric symptoms are caused by central noradrenergic dysfunction? The hypothesis considered in this review is that noradrenergic dysfunction causes...
📝 High Intensity Exercise And Glycogen Depletion

Research pertaining to the relevance of skeletal muscle glycogen availability during high intensity exercise was first suggested in the work...

Julien's Chalkboard

Brain Imaging

📝 Lactate Attenuates Synaptic Transmission And Affects Brain Rhythms Featuring High Energy Expenditure

📝 ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel-Mediated Lactate Effect On Orexin Neurons: Implications For Brain Energetics During Arousal

📝 Defective Activation Of Skeletal Muscle And Adipose Tissue Lipolysis In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During Hypoglycemia

📝 Lactate Transport In Skeletal Muscle — Role And Regulation Of The Monocarboxylate Transporter

📝 Contribution Of Glycogen In Supporting Axon Conduction In The Peripheral And Central Nervous Systems: The Role Of Lactate

📝 Regulation Of Glycolytic Oscillations By Mitochondrial And Plasma Membrane Hþ-ATPases

📝 miR-378 Activates The Pyruvate-PEP Futile Cycle And Enhances Lipolysis To Ameliorate Obesity In Mice

📝 Fluxes Of Lactate Into, From, And Among Gap Junction-coupled Astrocytes And Their Interaction With Noradrenaline

📝 Brain Metabolism Dictates The Polarity Of Astrocyte Control Over Arterioles

📝 Loss Of Force Induced By High Extracellular [K+] In Rat Muscle: Effect Of Temperature, Lactic Acid And b2-agonist

📝 The Role Of miR-378a In Metabolism, Angiogenesis, And Muscle Biology

📝 The Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1b Drives the Formation of Oxidative Type IIX Fibers in Skeletal Muscle

📝 The Mitochondrial L-Lactate Dehydrogenase Affair

📝 Extracellular Lactate As D Dynamic Vasoactive Signal In The Rat Retinal Microvasculature

📝 miR-378∗ Mediates Metabolic Shift In Breast Cancer Cells Via The PGC-1β/ERRγ Transcriptional Pathway

📝 Is A Constant Low-entropy Process At The Root Of Glycolytic Oscillations?

📝 Bench-To-Bedside Review: Is there A Place For Epinephrine In Septic Shock?

📝 Glycolysis At 75: Is It Time To Tweak The First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway In History?

📝 Reconsideration of the sequence of rigor mortis through postmortem changes in adenosine nucleotides and lactic acid in different rat muscles

📝 Lactate, Not Lactic Acid, Is Produced By Cellular Cytosolic Energy Catabolism

📝 MicroRNA miR-378 Promotes BMP2-induced Osteogenic Differentiation Of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells

📝 Blood Lactate Measurements And Analysis During Exercise: A Guide For Clinicians

📝 Dissociation Of Sympathetic Nervous System And Adrenal Medullary Responses

📝 Catecholamines And The Effects Of Exercise, Training And Gender

📝 Energy Substrates That Fuel Fast Neuronal Network Oscillations

📝 Metabolic Stress And High Intensity Exercise

📝 Cerebral Energy Metabolism And The Brain’s Functional Network Architecture: An Integrative Review

📝 Involvement Of Lactate And Pyruvate In The Anti-Inflammatory Effects Exerted By Voluntary Activation Of The Sympathetic Nervous System

📝 The Involvement Of Noradrenaline In Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Mentation

📝 Adrenaline Increases Skeletal Muscle Glycogenolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activation And Carbohydrate Oxidation During Moderate Exercise In Humans

📝 Human Skeletal Muscle Lipolysis Is More Responsive To Epinephrine Than To Norepinephrine Stimulation In Vivo

📝 Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic And Physical Adaptations To Different Exercise Training Modes In Young And Old Humans

📝 Monocarboxylate Transporters: Therapeutic Targets And Prognostic Factors In Disease

📝 Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: A Clinical, Molecular And Functional Approach

📝 Bioenergetics Of Exercising Humans

📝 Molecular Mechanism Of Noradrenaline During The Stress-Induced Major Depressive Disorder

📝 Lactate Metabolism: A New Paradigm For The Third Millennium

📝 Omnipresent Maxwell’s Demons Orchestrate Information Management In Living Cells

📝 Psychiatric Symptoms Of Noradrenergic Dysfunction: A Pathophysiological View

📝 High Intensity Exercise And Glycogen Depletion